1. Origin, Make-up, and Molecular Design
1.1 Natural Source and Biochemical Profile
(Animal Protein Frothing Agent)
Pet protein-based foaming representatives are derived largely from hydrolyzed keratin or collagen sourced from abattoir by-products such as unguis, horns, bones, and hides.
Through regulated alkaline or chemical hydrolysis, these architectural healthy proteins are damaged down into amphiphilic polypeptides abundant in amino acids like glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline, which possess both hydrophilic (– NH TWO,– COOH) and hydrophobic (aliphatic side chains) functional teams.
This dual fondness makes it possible for the particles to adsorb efficiently at air– water interfaces throughout mechanical aeration, lowering surface area tension and stabilizing bubble formation– a crucial requirement for creating consistent mobile concrete.
Unlike artificial surfactants, animal healthy protein foaming agents are biodegradable, non-toxic, and exhibit outstanding compatibility with Portland concrete systems because of their ionic nature and moderate pH buffering capability.
The molecular weight circulation of the hydrolysate– typically between 500 and 10,000 Da– directly influences foam stability, drain rate, and bubble size, making procedure control during hydrolysis important for constant performance.
1.2 Foam Generation Device and Microstructure Control
When weakened with water (commonly at proportions of 1:20 to 1:30) and presented into a foam generator, the protein option creates a viscoelastic movie around entrained air bubbles under high-shear conditions.
This movie resists coalescence and Ostwald ripening– the diffusion-driven development of bigger bubbles at the expense of smaller ones– by developing a mechanically robust interfacial layer reinforced through hydrogen bonding and electrostatic communications.
The resulting foam displays high growth proportions (usually 15– 25:1) and low drainage rates (
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